> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://sspwallet.gitbook.io/docs/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://sspwallet.gitbook.io/docs/blockchain-deep-dives/supported-blockchains.md).

# Supported Blockchains Overview

## Multi-Chain Architecture

SSP Wallet supports **12 mainnet blockchain networks** (plus testnets and a Solana devnet) with true multisignature capabilities across UTXO and EVM-compatible blockchains. Each network uses the optimal implementation:

* **UTXO Networks**: Native P2SH/P2WSH multisignature addresses
* **EVM Networks**: ERC-4337 smart-contract accounts (CREATE2-derived), controlled by a 2-of-2 Schnorr multisig — not EOAs
* **Account Abstraction**: The native and only EVM mode; every EVM address is an ERC-4337 smart account signed by both keys

All networks maintain the same **2-of-2 multisignature security model** using BIP48 key derivation.

## 🔗 Supported Networks

### Bitcoin-Based (UTXO) Networks

#### Bitcoin (BTC)

* **Network**: Bitcoin Mainnet
* **Address Type**: P2WSH (Pay-to-Witness-Script-Hash) multisignature
* **Derivation Path**: `m/48'/0'/0'/2'/0/0`
* **Script Type**: `p2wsh` (SegWit native)
* **Features**:
  * Native 2-of-2 multisignature addresses
  * Replace-by-Fee (RBF) support
  * SegWit for lower fees and faster confirmation
  * Bech32 address format (`bc1...`)

```typescript
// Actual Bitcoin configuration from blockchains.ts
const btc = {
  id: 'btc',
  libid: 'bitcoin',
  name: 'Bitcoin',
  symbol: 'BTC',
  decimals: 8,
  slip: 0, // BIP44 coin type
  scriptType: 'p2wsh', // SegWit multisig
  bech32: 'bc1',
  dustLimit: 546, // 546 satoshi minimum
  minFeePerByte: 1,
  feePerByte: 100, // Default fee rate
  rbf: true // Replace-by-Fee enabled
};
```

#### Bitcoin Testnet & Signet

* **Bitcoin Testnet**: Testing network with same features as mainnet
  * **Bech32 Prefix**: `tb1`
  * **Script Type**: `p2wsh`
  * **Fee Rate**: 5 sat/vbyte (lower for testing)
* **Bitcoin Signet**: Controlled test network
  * **More Reliable**: Consistent block production
  * **Same Configuration**: As testnet but different network

#### Litecoin (LTC)

* **Network**: Litecoin Mainnet
* **Address Type**: P2WSH multisignature
* **Derivation Path**: `m/48'/2'/0'/2'/0/0`
* **Script Type**: `p2wsh`
* **Features**:
  * 2.5-minute block times (4x faster than Bitcoin)
  * Lower transaction fees
  * Scrypt mining algorithm
  * Bech32 addresses (`ltc1...`)

#### Zcash (ZEC)

* **Network**: Zcash Mainnet
* **Address Type**: P2SH multisignature (transparent addresses)
* **Script Type**: `p2sh`
* **Derivation Path**: `m/48'/133'/0'/0'/0/0`
* **Features**:
  * Transparent transactions only (t-addresses)
  * Transaction expiry (1 hour default)
  * Overwinter and Sapling protocol support

#### Dogecoin (DOGE)

* **Network**: Dogecoin Mainnet
* **Address Type**: P2SH multisignature
* **Script Type**: `p2sh`
* **Derivation Path**: `m/48'/3'/0'/0'/0/0`
* **Features**:
  * Very low transaction fees (typically well under 1 DOGE; auto-computed from transaction size at \~1100 sat/byte and hard-capped at 100 DOGE by config)
  * High transaction throughput
  * 1-minute block times

#### Ravencoin (RVN)

* **Network**: Ravencoin Mainnet
* **Address Type**: P2SH multisignature
* **Script Type**: `p2sh`
* **Derivation Path**: `m/48'/175'/0'/0'/0/0`
* **Features**:
  * Asset creation and transfer capabilities
  * 1-minute block times
  * ASIC-resistant mining (KAWPOW algorithm)
  * Built-in asset layer

#### Flux (FLUX)

* **Network**: Flux Mainnet + Testnet
* **Address Type**: P2SH multisignature
* **Script Type**: `p2sh`
* **Derivation Path**: `m/48'/19167'/0'/0'/0/0` (Flux-specific coin type)
* **Features**:
  * Native integration with Flux decentralized cloud
  * Transaction expiry (30 blocks, \~1 hour)
  * Built-in message capability (80 bytes)
  * Special integration with SSP ecosystem

#### Bitcoin Cash (BCH)

* **Network**: Bitcoin Cash Mainnet
* **Address Type**: P2SH multisignature
* **Script Type**: `p2sh`
* **Derivation Path**: `m/48'/145'/0'/0'/0/0`
* **Features**:
  * CashAddr address format (`bitcoincash:` prefix)
  * Low fees and fast confirmations

### Ethereum-Compatible (EVM) Networks

#### Ethereum (ETH)

* **Network**: Ethereum Mainnet
* **Chain ID**: 1 (`0x1`)
* **Address Type**: ERC-4337 smart-contract account (0x…), CREATE2-derived and controlled by a 2-of-2 Schnorr multisig — not a plain EOA
* **Account Abstraction**: Native and only EVM mode (no EOA option)
* **Features**:
  * Schnorr multisig message signing for enhanced security
  * EIP-712 structured data signing
  * WalletConnect v2 integration
  * Account Abstraction (ERC-4337) — native and mandatory for all EVM addresses (no EOA option)
  * DeFi protocol compatibility

```typescript
// Actual Ethereum configuration from blockchains.ts
const eth = {
  id: 'eth',
  libid: 'mainnet',
  chainId: '1',
  chainType: 'evm',
  symbol: 'ETH',
  decimals: 18,
  backend: 'alchemy',
  // Account Abstraction support
  factoryAddress: '0x3974821943e9cA3549744D910999332eE387Fda4',
  entrypointAddress: '0x5FF137D4b0FDCD49DcA30c7CF57E578a026d2789',
  baseFee: 11, // 11 gwei
  priorityFee: 2, // 2 gwei
  gasLimit: 750000
};
```

#### Polygon (POL)

* **Network**: Polygon Mainnet
* **Chain ID**: 137 (`0x89`)
* **Address Type**: ERC-4337 smart-contract account (0x…), CREATE2-derived and controlled by a 2-of-2 Schnorr multisig — not a plain EOA
* **Features**:
  * Very low transaction fees (\~$0.01)
  * Fast 2-second block times
  * Full Ethereum Virtual Machine compatibility
  * Account Abstraction support
  * Extensive DeFi ecosystem

#### Binance Smart Chain (BSC)

* **Network**: BNB Smart Chain
* **Chain ID**: 56 (`0x38`)
* **Address Type**: ERC-4337 smart-contract account (0x…), CREATE2-derived and controlled by a 2-of-2 Schnorr multisig — not a plain EOA
* **Features**:
  * Low fees (typically $0.10-2.00)
  * High transaction throughput
  * 3-second block times
  * Binance ecosystem integration
  * Account Abstraction support

#### Avalanche (AVAX)

* **Network**: Avalanche C-Chain
* **Chain ID**: 43114 (`0xa86a`)
* **Address Type**: ERC-4337 smart-contract account (0x…), CREATE2-derived and controlled by a 2-of-2 Schnorr multisig — not a plain EOA
* **Features**:
  * Sub-second transaction finality
  * Low fees (\~$0.10-5.00)
  * Unique Avalanche consensus mechanism
  * Account Abstraction support
  * Growing DeFi ecosystem

#### Base

* **Network**: Base Mainnet (Coinbase L2)
* **Chain ID**: 8453 (`0x2105`)
* **Address Type**: ERC-4337 smart-contract account (0x…), CREATE2-derived and controlled by a 2-of-2 Schnorr multisig — not a plain EOA
* **Features**:
  * Coinbase-backed Layer 2 solution
  * Very low fees (\~$0.01-0.50)
  * Optimistic rollup technology
  * Growing consumer application ecosystem
  * Account Abstraction support

### Testnets

The following testnets are available:

* **Sepolia** - Ethereum testnet (not Goerli)
* **Amoy** - Polygon testnet (not Mumbai)
* **Bitcoin Testnet** - Bitcoin testing network
* **Bitcoin Signet** - Controlled Bitcoin test network
* **Flux Testnet** - Flux testing network

## 🔧 Network-Specific Features

### UTXO Networks (Bitcoin-based)

#### Transaction Construction

```typescript
// UTXO transaction structure
interface UTXOTransaction {
  inputs: Array<{
    txid: string;
    vout: number;
    value: number;
    scriptSig: string;
  }>;
  outputs: Array<{
    address: string;
    value: number;
  }>;
  fee: number;
  rbf: boolean; // Replace-by-Fee
}
```

#### Multi-Signature Implementation

* **2-of-2 P2SH**: Standard multisig with script hash
* **2-of-2 P2WSH**: SegWit wrapped multisig (lower fees)
* **Address Generation**: Both public keys required
* **Signing Process**: Sequential signing by both keys

### EVM Networks (Ethereum-compatible)

#### Transaction Structure

```typescript
// EVM transaction structure
interface EVMTransaction {
  to: string;
  value: string;
  data: string;
  gasLimit: string;
  gasPrice: string; // or maxFeePerGas/maxPriorityFeePerGas for EIP-1559
  nonce: number;
  chainId: number;
}
```

#### Smart Contract Integration

* **Contract Calls**: Direct smart contract interaction
* **Token Transfers**: ERC-20, ERC-721, ERC-1155 support
* **DeFi Protocols**: Uniswap, Aave, Compound integration
* **Account Abstraction**: ERC-4337 compatible wallets

## 🌍 Network Selection & Switching

### Network Selection

SSP Wallet does not infer the network from a recipient address or token contract. The active network is selected explicitly:

* **User selection**: You pick the active chain in the wallet's chain selector; each chain has its own wallet and send view.
* **dApp request**: A connected dApp can request a switch via WalletConnect's `wallet_switchEthereumChain`, which SSP maps to a matching configured EVM chain and surfaces for your approval.

When you paste a recipient address, SSP validates it against the currently selected chain and warns you only if the address looks like it belongs to a different chain *type* (EVM / Solana / UTXO). Because all EVM chains share the same `0x` address format, SSP cannot detect which EVM network an address belongs to — always confirm you are on the intended network before sending, as transactions are irreversible.

### Manual Network Switching

```typescript
// Request network switch
await sspProvider.request({
  method: 'wallet_switchEthereumChain',
  params: [{ chainId: '0x89' }] // Polygon
});

// Add custom network
await sspProvider.request({
  method: 'wallet_addEthereumChain',
  params: [{
    chainId: '0x2105', // Base
    chainName: 'Base',
    nativeCurrency: {
      name: 'Ether',
      symbol: 'ETH', 
      decimals: 18
    },
    rpcUrls: ['https://mainnet.base.org'],
    blockExplorerUrls: ['https://basescan.org']
  }]
});
```

## ⚡ Network Performance & Fees

### Transaction Speed Comparison

| Network       | Block Time   | Typical Confirmation Time  | Finality     |
| ------------- | ------------ | -------------------------- | ------------ |
| **Bitcoin**   | \~10 minutes | 30-60 minutes (3-6 blocks) | 6+ blocks    |
| **Ethereum**  | \~12 seconds | 1-5 minutes (5-25 blocks)  | \~15 minutes |
| **Polygon**   | \~2 seconds  | 30-60 seconds              | \~30 seconds |
| **BSC**       | \~3 seconds  | 30-90 seconds              | \~45 seconds |
| **Avalanche** | \~2 seconds  | 10-30 seconds              | Sub-second   |
| **Base**      | \~2 seconds  | 30-60 seconds              | \~2 minutes  |

### Fee Comparison (Typical)

| Network       | Transfer Fee | Token Transfer | Swap Fee | DeFi Interaction |
| ------------- | ------------ | -------------- | -------- | ---------------- |
| **Bitcoin**   | $1-10        | N/A            | N/A      | N/A              |
| **Ethereum**  | $5-50        | $10-100        | $20-200  | $50-500          |
| **Polygon**   | $0.01-1      | $0.02-2        | $0.10-5  | $0.50-10         |
| **BSC**       | $0.10-2      | $0.20-3        | $0.50-5  | $1-20            |
| **Avalanche** | $0.10-5      | $0.20-8        | $1-15    | $2-30            |
| **Base**      | $0.01-2      | $0.05-5        | $0.20-10 | $1-25            |

*Fees vary based on network congestion and transaction complexity*

## 🔍 Block Explorers

### Mainnet Explorers

* **Bitcoin**: [mempool.space](https://mempool.space), [blockstream.info](https://blockstream.info)
* **Ethereum**: [etherscan.io](https://etherscan.io)
* **Polygon**: [polygonscan.com](https://polygonscan.com)
* **BSC**: [bscscan.com](https://bscscan.com)
* **Avalanche**: [snowtrace.io](https://snowtrace.io)
* **Base**: [basescan.org](https://basescan.org)
* **Flux**: [explorer.runonflux.io](https://explorer.runonflux.io)

### Testnet Explorers

* **Bitcoin Testnet**: [mempool.space/testnet](https://mempool.space/testnet)
* **Sepolia**: [sepolia.etherscan.io](https://sepolia.etherscan.io)
* **Amoy**: [amoy.polygonscan.com](https://amoy.polygonscan.com)

## 🛠️ Development & Testing

### Testnet Information

For testnet tokens and development resources, consult official network documentation.

### Network Configuration for Development

Development configurations are available in the SSP Wallet source code. Refer to the blockchains.ts file for accurate network parameters.

## 🔮 Networks Under Evaluation

### Research Phase

* **Cardano**: Multi-signature implementation research in progress
* **Cosmos**: Inter-blockchain communication and multisig evaluation
* **TRON**: TRC-20 and native multisig assessment
* **NEAR**: Account model and multisig capabilities evaluation

For detailed information, see [Networks Under Evaluation](/docs/blockchain-deep-dives/networks-under-evaluation.md).

### Community Requests

Submit requests for new network support on [GitHub](https://github.com/RunOnFlux/ssp-wallet/issues).

## 🎯 Network Selection Best Practices

### For Users

1. **Bitcoin**: Long-term storage, high-value transfers
2. **Ethereum**: DeFi, NFTs, complex smart contracts
3. **Polygon/BSC**: Frequent trading, gaming, low-value transfers
4. **Avalanche/Base**: DeFi with better UX, moderate fees
5. **Testnets**: Always test before mainnet transactions

### For Developers

1. **Test on testnets first** before mainnet deployment
2. **Consider fee structures** for your application's use case
3. **Plan for network congestion** during high-traffic periods
4. **Implement network switching** for better user experience
5. **Monitor network health** and have fallback options

## 📊 Network Health Monitoring

### Real-Time Status

SSP Wallet displays real-time sync status for all supported networks within the application.

### Performance Metrics

* Block height synchronization
* Transaction pool status
* Network fee recommendations
* Connection health indicators

## Next Steps

* [**Bitcoin & UTXO Management**](https://github.com/RunOnFlux/ssp-docs/blob/master/blockchains/bitcoin-utxo.md) - Deep dive into UTXO networks
* [**Ethereum & EVM Networks**](https://github.com/RunOnFlux/ssp-docs/blob/master/blockchains/ethereum-evm.md) - EVM-specific features and optimization
* [**Gas Optimization Strategies**](https://github.com/RunOnFlux/ssp-docs/blob/master/blockchains/gas-optimization.md) - Reduce transaction costs
* [**Custom Token Management**](https://github.com/RunOnFlux/ssp-docs/blob/master/blockchains/custom-tokens.md) - Add and manage custom tokens